Fossiele anomalieën

by André Berntz | feb 1, 2018 | Onderwijs, Paleontologie

Dit artikel verscheen eerder (in 2007) op de inmiddels opgeheven website evolutie.eu.

Een vaak gehoord argument tegen het scheppingsmodel is dat de wereldwijde zondvloed niet zou kunnen zorgen voor de ‘stratigrafische differentiatie’ van fossielen. Dat wil zeggen: het verschijnsel dat veel families/geslachten alleen in bepaalde aardlagen voorkomen. Bijvoorbeeld Amaltheus (een ammoniet) komt alleen voor in het Vroege Jura (op de uniformitarianistische tijdschaal), terwijl Puppigerus (een zeeschildpad) alleen in het Eoceen voorkomt. In een ander artikel wordt uitgebreid ingegaan op de vraag hoe de zondvloed de volgorde in het fossielenarchief kan verklaren. In dit artikel wordt aangetoond dat de situatie lang niet zo ernstig is als het soms lijkt. Er zijn namelijk veel uitzonderingen: fossielen worden vaak gevonden in lagen waar ze volgens evolutionisten niet thuishoren.

Dit soort vondsten worden echter bijna altijd wegverklaard. Als een fossiel gevonden wordt in een te jonge laag, kan dit wegverklaard worden door te zeggen dat het oudere gesteente, waar het fossiel oorspronkelijk in zat, geërodeerd is en het fossiel vervolgens opnieuw bedekt is door (jonger) sediment. Dit wordt ‘reworking’ genoemd. Als een fossiel in een te oude laag wordt gevonden, kan dit wegverklaard worden door te zeggen dat er sprake is geweest van contaminatie met jongere fossielen.

Deze ad hoc verklaringen worden vooral gebruikt voor microfossielen (te klein om met het blote oog te zien). Wanneer deze verklaringen niet aannemelijk zijn (bijvoorbeeld contaminatie van oudere lagen door macrofossielen is volstrekt onaannemelijk), heeft men weinig keus dan te concluderen dat de stratigrafische range van de betreffende familie toch groter is dan aanvankelijk gedacht werd. Ook dit is een veelvuldig voorkomend verschijnsel.

Hieronder volgt een lijst met meer dan 200 voorbeelden van gepubliceerde ‘out-of-place’ fossielen. De tabel is afkomstig van een in 1982 gepubliceerd artikel van John Woodmorappe (An Anthology of Matters Significant to Creationism and Diluviology: Report 2, Creation Research Society Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 201-223). De meeste voorbeelden uit de tabel zijn gepubliceerd in de jaren ’70 en begin jaren ’80.
Dit is waarschijnlijk nog maar het topje van de ijsberg, want het is waarschijnlijk dat veel fossielen die in de verkeerde lagen worden gevonden, simpelweg niet worden gerapporteerd. En Woodmorappe vermeldde in zijn artikel: ‘The entries are examples only and do not represent a comprehensive literature search.’

De meeste van de voorbeelden in de tabel worden wegverklaard a.d.h.v. ‘reworking’. Hoewel reworking niet onmogelijk is, zegt het toch iets dat men deze uitvlucht zo vaak nodig heeft. Het is goed mogelijk dat het idee dat veel families/geslachten gelimiteerd zijn tot een smalle stratigrafische range, gedeeltelijk kunstmatig in stand gehouden wordt door anomalieën op die manier weg te verklaren.

Tabel Fossiele Anomalieën

Type of Fossil:	“Proper” Age:	Found In:	Location	Ref.
Foraminifers	Pleistocene	Tertiary	Atlantic Ocean	1
Pollen	Tertiary	Quaternary	Bolkow, Poland	2
Pollen	Tertiary	Cretaceous	East Netherlands	3
Mammal bones	Tertiary (late)	Tertiary (early)	Kazakhstan, USSR	4
Algae (?)	Tertiary	Cretaceous	France	5
Foraminifers	Tertiary	Cretaceous	Nigeria	6
Nannoplankton	Tertiary (lower)	Tertiary (higher)	Tabqa, Syria	7
Spores	Tertiary (recent)	Permian	Southland, New Zealand	8
Spores	Tertiary	Pleistocene	North Caspia, USSR	9
Foraminifers	Tertiary	Cretaceous	North Italy (167)	10
Pollen	Tertiary	Pleistocene	Yenisei, USSR	11
Palm wood	Tertiary	Jurassic	Utah, USA	12
Foraminifers	Tertiary (early)	Tertiary (medial)	Trinidad, West Indies	13
Foraminifers	Tertiary (early)	Tertiary (medial)	Victoria, Autralia	14
Foraminifers	Tertiary (early)	Tertiary (medial)	Hungary	15
Nannoplankton	Tertiary (early)	Tertiary (medial)	Romania	16
Spores	Tertiary (recent)	Jurassic	Louisiana-Texas, USA	17
Mammal bones	Tertiary (early)	Tertiary (medial)	Northeast Siberia, USSR	18
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Ionian Sea	19
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Tertiary	West Israel (213)	20
Coccoliths	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Crimea, USSR	21
Spores	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Kazan, USSR	22
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	British Columbia, Canada	23
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Arctic Canada	23
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Fushun, China	23
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Shandong, China	23
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	South Coastal China	23
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Spitzbergen, Norway	24
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Ural Mts., USSR	24
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	West Siberia, USSR	24
Dinoflagellate	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Australia	25
Nannoplankton	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Glogow, Poland	26
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Alabama, USA	27
Nannoflora	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Zinda Pir, W. Pakistan	28
Pollen	Cretaceous	Pleistocene	Yenisei, USSR	11
Nannoflora	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Tang-E-Bijar, Iran	29
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Jurassic	Scania, Sweden (175)	30
Pollen	Cretaceous	Cambrian	Holy Cross Mts., Poland	31
Nannoplankton	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Ukraine, USSR	32
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Utah, USA (149)	33
Spores	Cretaceous	Pleistocene	Newfoundland, Canada	34
Spores	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Newfoundland, Canada	34
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	West Germany (?)	35
Spores	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Czechoslovakia	36
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Quaternary	Adelie Coast, Antarctica	37
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Austria	38
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Sweden	39
Spores	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Alps. Carpathians, Europe	40
Spores	Cretaceous	Tertiary	West, southwest Pacific	41
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Pleistocene	Louisiana, USA (78)	42
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Venezuela	43
Pollen	Cretaceous	Tertiary	Wyoming, USA	43
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Tertiary	California, USA	44
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Pleistocene	Netherlands	45
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Pleistocene	Utah, USA	45
Foraminifers	Cretaceous	Tertiary	England	39
Pollen	Jurassic	Permian	Sariz, Antalya, Turkey	46
Spores	Jurassic	Tertiary	Isle of Mull, Scotland	47
Spores	Jurassic	Precambrian	Ukraine, USSR	48
Coccoliths	Jurassic	Silurian	North Africa (153)	49
Pollen	Jurassic	Tertiary	Utah, USA	33
Spores	Jurassic	Cretaceous	Newfoundland, Canada	34
Pollen	Jurassic	Tertiary	Newfoundland, Canada	34
Dinoflagellate	Jurassic	Cretaceous	California, USA	50
Dinoflagellate	Jurassic	Tertiary	California, USA	50
Spores	Jurassic	Cretaceous	Perth Basin, Australia	51
Spores	Jurassic	Triassic	Northeast Siberia, USSR	52
Pollen	Jurassic	Pleistocene	Yenisei, USSR	11
Spores	“Mesozoic”	Pleistocene	North Caspia	9
Spores	Jurassic	Permian	Northeast Siberia, USSR (218)	52
Spores	Jurassic	Cambrian	Northeast Siberia, USSR	52
Spores	Triassic	Cretaceous	British Columbia, Canada	53
Spores	Triassic (and/or older)	Jurassic	Yukon, Canada	54
Spores	Triassic	Cretaceous	Alberta, Canada	55
Ostracodes	Triassic	Tertiary	Hungary	56
Spores	Triassic	Jurassic	Andoya, Norway	57
Conodonts	Triassic	Cretaceous	Cameroons	58
Conodonts	Triassic	Jurassic	Japan	58
Spores	Triassic	Tertiary	Kutch, India	59
Pollen	Triassic	Tertiary	Newfoundland, Canada (150)	34
Pollen	Triassic	Tertiary	Utah, USA	33
Spores	Triassic	Cretaceous	Perth Basin, Australia	51
Pollen	“Mesozoic”	Tertiary	Atlantic Ocean	60
Spores	“Mesozoic”	Tertiary	Hungary	47
Brachiopods	Permian	Triassic	Salt Range, Pakistan	61
Conodonts	Permian	Triassic	Salt Range, Pakistan	61
Pollen	Permian	Triassic	Utah, USA	33
Spores	Permian	Cretaceous	Kutch, India	62
Conodonts	Permian	Triassic	Akasaka, Japan	63
Spores	Permian	Tertiary	Kerala, India (155)	59
Spores	Permian	Tertiary	Kutch, India	59
Spores	Permian	Cretaceous	Madhya Pradesh, India	59
Pollen	Permian	Tertiary	Nagaland, India	64
Spores	Permian	Cretaceous	Alberta, Canada	56
Spores	Permian	Cretaceous	British Columbia, Canada (238)	53
Fusulinids	Permian	Triassic	Mine, Japan	65
Pollen	Permian	Triassic	Southeast Siberia, USSR	66
Pollen	Permian	Tertiary	Assam, India	64
Pollen	Permian	Tertiary	Maghalaya, India	67
Spores	Permian	Triassic	Somerset, England (90)	68
Pollen	Permian	Jurassic	Kutch, India	69
Pollen	Permian	Tertiary	South Australia	69
Pollen	Permian	Cretaceous	Victoria, Australia	69
Ammonoids	Permian	Triassic	KapStosch, Greenland	70
Spores	Permian	Tertiary	Hungary	47
Spores	Permian	Cretaceous	Perth Basin, Australia	51
Spores	Permian	Devonian	Canning Basin, Australia	51
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Poland	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Sweden	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	England 93	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Scotland	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Latvia, USSR	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Denmark	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Baltic Russia	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Tertiary	Arkansas, USA	72
Spores	Carboniferous	Cretaceous	Perth Basin, Australia	51
Fusulinids	Carboniferous	Pleistocene	Utah, USA	45
Pollen	Carboniferous	Triassic	Devon, England	73
Spores	Carboniferous	Precambrian	Onega, USSR	74
Spores	Carboniferous	Cretaceous	Limburg, Netherlands 91	69
Spores	Carboniferous	Cretaceous	Krakow, Poland	75
Pollen	Carboniferous	Tertiary	Hungary	48
Pollen	Carboniferous	Tertiary	Alabama, USA	48
Pollen	Carboniferous	Triassic	Donets Basin, USSR	48
Pollen	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Donets Basin, USSR	48
Spores	Carboniferous	Jurassic	Germany	71
Spores	Carboniferous	Permian	Pakistan	71
Acritarchs	Carboniferous	Tertiary	Newfoundland, Canada	34
Pollen	Carboniferous	Devonian	Missouri-Iowa, USA	76
Pollen	Carboniferous	Cretaceous	Montana, USA 221	77
Pollen	Carboniferous	Tertiary	Montana, USA	77
Conodonts	Carboniferous	Devonian	Graz/Styria, Austria	78
Pollen	Carboniferous	Triassic	Southeast Siberia, USSR	79
Spores	Carboniferous	Cretaceous	Alberta, Canada	56
Conodonts	Carboniferous (lower)	Carboniferous (medial)	New Mexico, USA	80
Spores	Carboniferous	Cretaceous	British Columbia, Canada	53
Spores	Carboniferous	Permian	Devonshire, England	81
Spores	Carboniferous	Triassic	Devonshire, England	81
Fusulinids	Carboniferous	Triassic	Mine, Japan	82
Spores	Carboniferous	Pleistocene	Ohio, USA 181	83
Spores	Carboniferous	Permian	Yukon, Canada	84
Brachiopod	Carboniferous	Permian	Yukon, Canada	84
Pollen	Carboniferous	Permian	Caucasia, USSR	85
Trilobite	“Late Paleozoic”	Tertiary	Utah, USA	86
Spores	Devonian	Jurassic	West Arctic Islands, Canada	87
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Missouri, USA	88
Spores	Devonian	Carboniferous	Canning Basin, Australia	81
Spores	Devonian	Permian	East West Australia	81
Crinoids	Devonian	Carboniferous	Pamir Mts., USSR	89
Conodonts	Devonian	Silurian	Texas, USA 188	90
Algal Cysts	Devonian	Cretaceous	Northeastern Brazil	91
Pollen	Devonian	Permian	Caucasia, USSR	85
Spores	Devonian	Carboniferous	Yukon, Canada 182	84
Spores	Devonian	Permian	Yukon, Canada	84
Spores	Devonian	Pleistocene	Ohio, USA	83
Spores	Devonian	Jurassic	West Arctic Islands, Canada	87
Spores	Devonian	Cretaceous	British Columbia, Canada	53
Spores	Devonian (medial)	Devonian (upper)	Belorussia, USSR	92
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Kansas, USA	93
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	New Mexico, USA 223	80
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Graz/Styria, Austria	78
Conodonts	Devonian	Tertiary	Graz/Styria, Austria	78
Conodonts	Devonian	Pleistocene	Graz/Styria, Austria	78
Brachiopods	Devonian (lower)	Devonian (medial)	California, USA	94
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Kazakhstan, USSR	95
Conodonts	Devonian	Silurian	Arkansas, USA	96
Chitinozoans	Devonian	Jurassic	East Bhutan	97
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Nevada, USA	98
Foraminifers	Devonian	Carboniferous	Nevada, USA	98
Spores	Devonian	Carboniferous	Bolivia 143	99
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Devonshire, England	100
Acritarchs	Devonian (and/or older)	Carboniferous	Newfoundland, Canada	34
Spores	Devonian	Triassic	Devon, England	73
Conodonts	Devonian	Triassic	Kockatea, Australia	51
Spores	Devonian	Cretaceous	Otorowiri, Australia	51
Thelodont, Acanthodian Fish Scales	Devonian	Permian	Canning Basin, Australia	51
Spores	Devonian	Cretaceous	Perth Basin, Australia	51
Pollen	Devonian	Carboniferous	Oklahoma, USA	101
Spores	Devonian	Carboniferous	Belgium	102
Conodonts	Devonian	Permian	Texas, USA 99	103
Algal Cysts	Devonian	Quaternary	Lake Michigan, USA	104
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Texas, USA	105
Conodonts	Devonian	Carboniferous	Oklahoma, USA	106
Acritarchs	Silurian (and/or older)	Devonian	Witney, England	107
Acritarchs	Silurian	Devonian	Belgium	102
Conodonts	Silurian	Carboniferous	Oklahoma, USA	106
Pollen	“Paleozoic”	Precambrian	Krivyi Rog, USSR	48
Pollen	“Paleozoic”	Tertiary	Atlantic Ocean	108
Spores	“Paleozoic”	Tertiary	Bolivia	99
Spores	“Paleozoic”	Pleistocene	North Caspia, USSR 166	9
Spores	Silurian	Ordovician	Ohio, USA	109
Chitinozoans	Silurian	Jurassic	East Bhutan	97
Plant tissue	Silurian (and/or younger)	Ordovician	Oklahoma, USA	110
Acritarchs	Silurian	Carboniferous	Ballyvergin, Ireland	111
Crinoids	Silurian	Carboniferous	Pamir Mts., USSR	89
Algal Cysts	Silurian	Cretaceous	Northeast Brazil	91
Conodonts	Silurian	Devonian	Texas, USA	90
Spores	Silurian(?)	Devonian	Belorussia, USSR	92
Chitinozoans	Silurian	Cretaceous	Alaska, USA	112
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Ontario, Canada 192	113
Conodonts	Ordovician	Devonian	Minnesota, USA	114
Acritarchs	Ordovician	Tertiary	Lough Neagh, Ireland	115
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Missouri, USA	116
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Carnic Alps, Italy	117
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Quibec, Canada	117
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Central Texas, USA 188	90
Diacrodians	Ordovician	Precambrian	Saxony, East Germany	118
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Illinois, USA	119
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Illinois, Indiana, USA	120
Acritarchs	Ordovician	Carboniferous	Ballyvergin, Ireland 191	111
Acritarchs	Ordovician	Silurian	Ohio, USA	121
Acritarchs	Ordovician	Silurian	New York, USA	121
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Central Siberia, USSR	122
Conodonts	Ordovician	Silurian	Southeast Indiana, USA	123
Conodonts	Ordovician (lower)	Ordovician (medial)	West Texas, USA	124
Graptolites Conodonts, Ostracodes	Ordovician	Devonian	Missouri, USA	125
Acritarchs	Ordovician	Silurian	Belgium	102
Acritarchs	Ordovician	Devonian	Netherlands-Belgium	102
Conodonts	Ordovician	Carboniferous	Oklahoma, USA	106
Spores	Ordovician	Carboniferous	Oklahoma, USA 94	72
Conodonts	Ordovician	Cretaceous	Colorado, USA	126
Acritarchs	“Lower Paleozoic”	Triassic	Devonshire, England	73
Archeocyathids	Cambrian	Permian	Dwyka, South Africa	127
Trilobites	Cambrian (lower)	Cambrian (medial)	Bornholm, Denmark	128
Acritarchs	Cambrian	Silurian	Comeragh	111
Acritarchs	Cambrian	Carboniferous	Ballyvergin	111
Trilobites	Cambrian	Devonian	Bielsko-Mogilany, Poland	129
Acritarchs	Cambrian	Ordovician	Shropshire, England	130
Algae	Precambrian	Cambrian or Ordovician	Verkhoyansk, USSR	131
Spores	Precambrian	Devonian	Saratov, USSR	132

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